??? ????? ????????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ? ??????

????????? ???? ???????????? ????? ?????????????????? ?????????, ??????? ??????????? ????????????? ???-????????????. ??? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????????????????? ????????? ??????? ? ?????????. ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ??????????.

????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ???? ?????? ? ?????????? ????????. ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????. ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????, ??????? ? ?????? ???????? ??????.

?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????? ????? ? ??????????????? ???????????. Googlebot ??????????? Google, Yandex Bot ???????? ??? ???????, Bingbot ???????????? ?????????? ??? Microsoft Bing. ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ? ?????????????? ????????????.

???? ????? ? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????. ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????. ???????????? ?????? ?????????????? ? ?????????? ????????? 7k ?????? ????? ????????, ????????? ??? ???????????? ?? ????????? ? ??????????? ??????. ???????????? ???????????????? ????? ?????? ?????????????????? ???? ????????? ???????.

??? ????????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ? ??????? ? ?????????

????????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ????????. ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ? ??? ????????? ??????. ?????????? ??????? ?? ???????, ?????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????. ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ? ??????? ??? ??????.

?????? ????? ?????? ? ??????????????? XML-???? ?????. ????????? ?????????? ????? sitemap.xml, ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????????. ???? ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ? ??????? ??????????? URL-??????. ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????????.

?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???????????. ?????????? ?????????? 7? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ????????, ??? ????? ???????????? ????? ???????????? ???????. Google Search Console ? ??????.????????? ???? ????? ???????.

???? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ? ????????? ??????????. ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ????, ???????? ? ??????? ????????. ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????? ? ?????? ??????????. ????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ????? ???-????????????.

???????????? ??????: ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ? ???????? ???????

????????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ???-????????????. ?????????? ????????? HTML-??? ????? ? ???????? ??? ?????. ?????? ?????? ??????????? ? ???????? ? ?????? ??? ????????????.

?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????, ????? ??????? ????????? ???????. ????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????. ????????? ? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????.

????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????. ???? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? 7?, ?????????? ???? ????????????. ????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ????? ??????? ? ????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ????????. ????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ?? ????????? ???????.

????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ? HTML-????. ??????????? ?????? ??? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ? ???????? ??????. ?????? ? ????????? nofollow ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????. ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????.

??????????? ??? ?????: robots.txt, meta-robots ? nofollow-??????

??????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ? ??????? ?????????????????? ???????. ???? robots.txt ????????????? ? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????????-?????????. ???? ???????? ??????????, ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ????????????.

? ????? ????????????? ??????? User-agent ??? ??????????? ????????????? ???? ? Disallow ??? ?????????? ???????. ????????? Allow ????????? ????? ?????????? ????????. ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????7? ??????????? ?????????, ??????????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ????????.

??????? robots ? HTML-???? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????????. ???????? noindex ????????? ??????????, nofollow ????????? ?????????? ?? ??????. ????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????.

??? rel=’nofollow’ ???????????? ? ?????????????? ??????. ????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????????????. ?????????? ?????????? nofollow ??? ????????????????? ???????????, ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????????. ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????.

??? ???? ?????? HTML???? ? ??????? ????????

????????? ???? ????????? HTML-??? ??????? ? ?????????????? ???????????? ??? ?????????. ????????? ??????????? ???????? ???, ??????? ????????? ??????? ? ??????????. ????????? ?????????? ? headers HTTP-??????, ????? ????????? ? ??????? HTML-?????????.

???? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????:

• ????????? ?? h1 ?? h6, ???????????? ????????? ?????????
• ????????? ?????????? ???????, ???????? ? ??????
• ???????? title ? description ??? ???????? ?????????
• ????????? alt ? ???????? ??? ?????????? ???????
• ????????????????? ???????? Schema.org ??? ?????????? ?????????????

??????? ?????????? CSS-????? ? JavaScript ??? ?????????????? ??????????. ????? ???? ??????? ???????????? 7? ?????? JavaScript ??? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????, ?? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????????. ?????????? ????? AJAX-??????? ????? ???????? ???????????.

???? ??????????? ????????? ???????? HTML5 ??? ?????????? ??????????? ????????. ???? article, section, nav ????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????. ???????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ? ??????????? ??????? ??????????.

??????? ????????????: ??? ????????? ??????? ??????, ??? ????????????? ? ?????? ???????

????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????????. ?????????? ?? ? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??? ????? ?????????, ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ????????. ????????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????.

?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ? ?????????????. ??????? ? ??????? ??????????? ? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????. ?????? ??????? ??????????? ? ?????? ? ?????? ???????????. ?????????? ???????? ????????? 7? ?????? ????????? ??? ? ????.

????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????? ? ??????. ????? ? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????????. ????????? ???????? ????????? ????. ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ????????????.

??????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????????. ???????, ????????? ? ????????? ????? ???? ???????, ????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ???????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ???????????. ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????.

???????????? ???????????? ? ??????????: ?? ???? ???????????, ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????

???????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????????. ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ?????? — ?????????????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ?? ????????. ?????? ??????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ?? ????????????? ?????.

???? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ???????????? ???????. ????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ???????????? ????????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????. ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????????? ???????. ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????7? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????.

??????????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????. ????????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ? ????????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????. ???? ??????? ???????? ? ???? ????????? ?????????? ???????. ?????????? ???????????????? ? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ????????.

???????????????? ? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????. ??????? ? ???????????? ???????? ? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????. ????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ? ???????? ?????. ????????? ??????? 7? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ???????.

??????? ????????? ????????? ?????: ??????????, ????????? ? ?????????????????????? ????????

????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??? ???????????? ???-????????. ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????. ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ??????? ????????. ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????.

????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???, ??? ?? ????? ????? ????????. ????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ???????????. Google ??????? ?? mobile-first ??????????, ??? ??????????? ?????? 7? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??????????. ?????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????.

?????????????????? ???????? ????????? ???????????????? ???????. ???? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ? ???????? alt. ?????-???????? ??????????? ??????????? ? ?????????. ???? ??? ???????? ????????????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??? ? ???.

?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????. Googlebot ???????? ???????? ??? ?????????, ???????? ? ????????. Yandex Bot ???????? ????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ???????????. ????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????.

??? ?????????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ? ??????????? ???????????????? ????????? ?????

????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ? ??????????????? ? ????????? ????????. ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ???????? ????? ? ???????????. ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ????????? ??? ?????????????? ???????????.

???????? ?????? ??????????? ????????:

• ???????????? ? ?????????? XML-????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ????????
• ???????????? ????? robots.txt ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????
• ????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ? ????
• ???????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????????
• ?????????? ?????????????? ????????? ? ???????????? ???????????? URL
• ?????????? ?????????????? ?????? Schema.org

??????????????? ????????????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????????? ??????. ???? ?????? ???????? ??????7? ?????????? HTTP-???? ?????? ??? ?????? 404 ??? 500. ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ?????????.

?????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????????. ?????? ?????????? ????, ??????????? ??????? ? ??????. ??????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ?????.

???????? ?????? ? ???????? ???????????

??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ????, ??? ??????, ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ? ?????? ???????????? ???????. ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????????????, ???????, ??????????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ?????????????? ????? ?? ????????, ? ?? ?????? ???????????? ????????. ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????, ?????????????????? ?? ?????????, ????????? ???????? ??????????? ? ????????? ????????? ?????????. ??? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ??????????, ??? ??? ??? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ??????.

???????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????, ? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????????. ? ?????? ???????????? ?????????, ???????? ?????? ??????, ????? ???????????, ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ? ?????? ???????????????? ?????, ?????? ???????????? ?????? ? ????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ????????????. ???? ? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???, ??? ??????????? ?????? ? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??????????? ? ??????????, ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????????? ???????? ????????.

??? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????

???????????????? ???????? — ???????????? ????? ??????????????? ????????, ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ????????????. ?? ????????? ?????? ??????, ?????????????????? ?????? ????????, ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ????????? ??????????? ?????. ??????? ???????????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ???????, ???? ? ?????? ???? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??????????.

?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????. ????????? ????????????? ??? ????????? ????????, ?????? — ?? ????? ????, ?????? — ?? ???????????? ?????. ????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????????, ? ??????? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??????.

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????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ???? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??????. ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ? ????????????? ???????????????? ????????, ?????? ??? ????????? ? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????.

?? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????, ???????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????. ??????????? ?????? ????????????? ??? ???????????? ?????????, ?????? ??????????? ? ????????. ?????????? ????? ???????????? ? ??????? ????????, ????????? ??? ?????, ??????????? ? ????? ?????????. ????????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ???????????.

??? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????

???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??????. ?????????????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????, ??? ???????????? ????????. ????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????????, ? ?????? ????? ??????????? ? ????? ??????????. ??? ????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ? ?????? ????? ????????????? ????????.

????????? ???????????? ? ??????? ????????????? ????????, ???????? ??? ??????? ?????????????? ? ??????? ???????????. ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ????????. ? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????? ? ????? ???????, ??? ???? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ? ??????? ????????.

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????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? IP-????????, ??? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ? ????? ????????? ??????. ???????? ??????, ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????. Transmission Control Protocol ???????????? ???????? ?????????, ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ? ????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ??????? ?????????.

UDP ????????????? ? ??? ???????, ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????, ?? ?? ???????????? ??????????. UDP ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????, ? ??? ????????? ?????. HTTP ????????????? ??? ???????? ???-???????, ? HTTPS-???????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????????. DNS ???????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????, ? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ???????.

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????????????? ?????????? ???????????, ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ? ?????????? ???? ? ????????. ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????, ????????? ???? ? ???????? ?????????? ????. ? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ????????????? ????????, ???????? ???????? ????????.

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?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????, ????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ? ????? ?????????? ??????????????. ? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????. ????????? ????? ????????? ????????? ????, ??? ???????? ??????????, ????????? ?? ???????? ??????????.

???? ??????? ?????????????, ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????. ?????? ???????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ? ??????? ?????????????. ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ??????, ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????, ???????? ? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ? ????? ???????????.

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?????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????. ????????? ? ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? HTTP-???????, ?????????? email ????? ? ????? ????????????????? ? ??????? ?????????. ????? ???? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????.

??????????? ????? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???? ??????????? ?????????????. ? ?????????? ?? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????. ??? ???? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????? ? ????????? ???????????? ?????.

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?????????????? ????????? ?????????, ????? ????????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????, ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????????????. ?????????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????, ????? ??????? ? ????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????????. ?????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ???????????????????? ??????? ? ?????????.

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?????? ?????? ? ???????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ??????????????????? ? ?????????. ?????????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ???????????, ??? ???? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??????????. ????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????, ??? ???? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ?? ?????????.

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????????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????, ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????. ? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???????????, ???????? ?? ?????????? ? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????, ???????? ???????? ????????? ? ???????? ????????? ??????. ? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????????? IP, ? ???? ??????? ? ??????????? ??????? ????, ??????????? ??????, ?????????????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????. ??? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????, ???????? ?? ?? ??? ????????? ? ?????? ???????? ???????.

??? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????. ?????????? ping ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ? ????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????. Traceroute ??????? ?????????? ?????????????? ? ???????? ???????? ? ??????? ????. ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ? ????? ???????, ????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ? ?????? ?????????? ??????. ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ??????????????, ?????, ???????? ? ???????? ?????????.

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??????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????. ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????????, ??????? ??????, ???? ???????? ???????? ? ????? ??????? ???????. ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ???????????, ?????????? ?????????? ? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ??????????, ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????????? ? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ? ??????? ????????.

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